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Rad disorder in elementary child12/12/2023 While children with RAD display limited or no positive effects, children with disinhibited attachment are intrusive, lack appropriate social and emotional boundaries and display socially disinhibited behavior with strangers. RAD is characterized by ambivalence about seeking comfort from a caregiver, emotional withdrawal, lack of social approach, reduced positive affect and unexplained fear or irritability. The criteria for separating two distinct disorders were based on research in the last few decades that explained their differences in phenotypic characteristics, correlates, courses and responses to interventions. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10th Revision (ICD-10), which was published in 1992, separates attachment disorders into reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited attachment disorder, while the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5), published in 2013, separates attachment disorders into RAD and disinhibited social engagement disorder. The quality of attachment influences the child’s risk for psychiatric problems and disorders, either as a protective factor or as a risk factor. The continuous disruption of attachment between primary caregiver and infant may result in social and emotional difficulties. Individual differences in attachment behavior can be assessed by strange situation procedure, developed by Ainsworth. Attachment develops during the first year of life, proceeding through various stages. This need of physical proximity not only promotes the emotional security, but also ensures the infant’s protection and survival. The innate behaviors or social releasers from infants, such as crying and smiling, stimulate the caregiving behavior in adults. Bowlby defined attachment as a strong tendency to seek proximity with a primary caregiver, when frightened, tired or ill. This phenomenon is considered to be biologically pre-programmed and has emerged as a result of evolutionary pressures. Infants become attached to their primary caregiver and seek comfort and protection when they are distressed or threatened.
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